We continue with some other tenses in Hindi:
Present Continuous Tense:
Verb Stem + रहा / रहे / रही (raha/rahe/rahi) + Present Tense of "Hona" (to be)
For
those who don't like grammatical terms and don't know for sure what's
"continuous tense", I'll tell that it's the same as the English
verbs, ending in "-ing". So if you want to say that you "read" a book
in the moment of speaking, you have to say "I am reading a book", not
simply "I read a book", because the last could mean that you read a book
in general, i.e. you're not reading it in the moment of speaking. So
let's clear all that out with some examples.
मैं
किताब पढ रहा हुं. (mai~ kitab padh raha hu~) = I'm reading a book. मैं
पानी पी रहा हुं. (mai~ pani pi raha hu~) = I'm drinking water. मैं रोटी
खा रही हुं. (mai~ roti kha rahi hu~) = I'm eating bread. (a girl
speaking!)
The
verbs stem and raha/rahe/rahi are pronounced almost as one (at once),
although they're written separately. Sometimes in colloquial speech all
is even shortened more. The "raha hu~" for example is pronounced
"rahu~", "raha hai" as "rahai", "raha hai~" -> "rahai~"...
Past Tense:
Building past is easy. Just take the root of a verb and add -a, -e, or
-i, respectively for Masculine Singular, Masculine Plurar and Feminine
both - Singular and Plurar:
Verb Stem + ा/े/ी (-A/-E/-I) = Past Tense
NB! For verbs, whose stem end in a vowel you have to add या/ये/यी (ya/ye/yi) E.g. खाना -> खा -> खाया(Khana -> Kha (stem) -> Khaya)
Some examples:
मैं खाया. (mai~ khaya) = I ate.
मैं पढा. (mai~ padha) = I read.
लडका खाया. (larka khaya) = The boy ate.
लडकी खायी. (larki khayi) = The girl ate.
आप पीया. (aap piya) = You ate. (Sg. polite or Plural)
मैं पानी पीया. (mai~ pani piya) = I drank water.
तुम पानी पीये. (tum pani piye) = You drank water.
Some
Verbs are irregular. I'll show you some of them (A little below you'll
see the past of 'to be', which is needed to build the imperfect past
tense, necessary to be able to say such phrases as "I've used to go
..."):
Past of जान (Janaa = to go)
गाया / गाये / गायी / गायीं (gaya / gaye / gayi / gayi~) (1: Masc. Sg, 2: Masc. Pl. 3: Fem. Sg, 4: Fem. Pl.)
To build the past imperfect tense, we have first to learn the past tense
of the "main" hindi verb: "to be" (Hona). Past of "hona" is even
simplier than the present form:
Past of होना (Honaa = To be)
था (tha) = was (for Masculine SINGULAR) थे (the) = were (for Masculine PLURAL)
थी (thi) = was (for Feminine SINGULAR) थीं (thi~) = was (for Feminine PLURAL)
Examples:
मैं
वहां था. (mai~ vaha~ tha.) = I was there. आप यहां थे. (aap yaha~ the) =
You (polite) was here. OR You were here. (वहां /vaha~/ = there, यहां
/yaha~/ = here, जहां /jaha~/ = where) Now as you know here/there/where
(btw, there exists also another word for where = kaha~) I'll give you a
Hindi proverb:
जहां धुआं है, वहां आग भी है. (jahan dhua~ hai, vaha~ aag bhi hai) = Where there is a smoke, there is a fire too.
Past Imperfect Tense:
... Verb Stem + ता / ते / ती (TA/TE/TI) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to
be) = Past Imperfect Tense Stem + ता/ते/ती + टा/टे/टी/टीं = Past
Imperfect Tense The past imperfect tense is used to tell about habitual actions in the past. In English it's best translated with the pattern "used to + verb":
मैं
खाता था. (mai~ khata tha) = I used to eat. लडका खाता था. (larka khata
tha) = The boy used to eat. लडकी खाती थी. (larki khati thi) = The girl
used to eat. आप पीते थे. (aap pite the) = You used to drink. (Sg. polite
or Plural) मैं पानी पीता था. (mai~ pani pita tha) = I used to drink
water. तुम पानी पीते थे. (tum pani pite the) = You used to drink water.
Next comes of course the past continous tense:
Past Continuous Tense:
Well, no need to help you much here. It's the same as the present continous except that it's used the past tense of Hona:
Verb Stem + रहा / रहे / रही (raha/rahe/rahi) + Past Tense of "Hona" (to be) = Past Continuous Tense
मैं
किताब पढ रहा था. (mai~ kitab padh raha tha) = I was reading a book. मैं
पानी पी रहा था. (mai~ pani pi raha tha) = I was drinking water. मैं
रोटी खा रही थी. (mai~ roti kha rahi thi) = I was eating bread. (a girl
speaking!)
I think you got it, now for the FUTURE:
Future Tense:
The Future tense it a bit more complicated than the past for it has more verb-endings for person than those by the past tense.
Future Imperfect Tense:
Let us conjugate a verb in the future tense, then I'll give the endings:
Future Imperfect of "Pina" (पीना = to drink)
मैं
पीउंगा (mai~ piunga) = I will drink तु पीएगा (tu piega) = You will
drink तुम पीओगे (tum pioge) = You will drink वह पीएगा (voh piega) =
He/She/It will drink.
हम पीएंगे (ham pienge) = We will drink आप पीएंगे (aap pienge) = You will drink. वे पीएंगे (ve pienge) = They will drink.
For "I" use -unga, for "Tu" use "ega", for "Tum" use "oge", for "voh" use "ega" and for "ham/aap/ve" the plural form "enge".
Future Continuous Tense:
To build that tense use these endings: रहूंगा रहेगा रहेंगे रहोगे (rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge) similarly as the forms for Future Imperfect together with the "conjugated" verb.
Verb Stem + TA / TE / TI + rahunga/rahega/rahenge/rahoge = Future Continuous Tense
Let's make the future continuous of the verb "pina" to make things clear:
Future Continuous of "Pina" (पीना = to drink)
मैं पीता रहुंगा. (mai~ pita rahunga) = I will be drinking. तु पीता
रहेगा. (tu pita rahega) = You will be drinking. तुम पीते रहोगे. (tum
pite rahoge) = You will be drinking. वह पीता रहेगा. (voh pita rahega) =
He/She/It will be drinking.
हम
पीते रहेंगे. (ham pite rahenge) = We will be drinking. आप पीते रहेंगे.
(aap pite rahenge) = You will be drinking. वे पीते रहेंगे. (ve pite
rahenge) = They will be drinking.
So,
now you have everything you have to know about verbs except if I've
missed something. That was a long and a hard lesson so have a rest
before you go to the next lesson :)